Comparative Style-book Essay :: Writing Style Styles Essays

Comparative Style-book Essay Two well-know style books are The Elements of Style, by Strunk and White, and Style Toward Clarity and Grace, by Williams. Both of these books are very beneficial, discussing grammar rules, style, and composition, any with the aim to make its readers better writers. They teach readers to use proper techniques and proofread their papers so they can improve their writing style. Although the books goals are the same, each 1 approaches it in a different way, emphasizing certain points above others. While both books are well-written and taught me important rules, after analyzing both books, looking at their authors, mug earreach, cultural awareness, organization, and detail, I find Williams more helpful in developing my writing style and addressing the need of contemporary prose. A lot can be inferred about how the books were written by looking at their Authors. The authors of The Elements of Style, Strunk and White, were professor a nd student. When White was a student in 1919 his professor, Strunk, assigned him a coursepack, which would be the basis for their hereafter book. The coursepack was very detailed and commanding, like White describes his professor when he calls him, Sergeant Strunk snapping orders to his platoon (xiv). Years later, after White had become a well-known, professional writer, he was equip to edit and improve the Strunk coursepack for publication. The book was published in 1959, and by that time Whites old professor had passed away. Now, White is also gone, and the book has been nearly for quite a while, making it slightly dated. I found Williams to be more modern, and connectable. It was last published by its author in 1990. Williams, a linguist, professor, and dialogue consultant, has meticulously studies the craft of writing, discovering what makes good writing good and bad writing bad. His careful observations and sensitivity to current issues that plague writing make h is readers grasp legion(predicate) of the different aspects of writing. Since he is part of modern times, he is more culturally aware, giving him an advantage over Strunk and White. Since the books have been written in different times, the targeted audience is different.

Beating Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCID) Essay

Imagine living your entire life contained within a plastic bubble. Contact from the outside world, including your parents, is lethal. Rather than feeling the warm touch of a human hand, the clammy cold of laboratory gloves comforts you to sleep. Is this living or this endure? You make the call. SCIDs is an acronym for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Persons born with SCIDs lack the ability to fight off infections. SCIDs creates a situation in which the common cold is just as deadly as pneumonia. This family of diseases is obviously debilitating and life-threatening. That is why finding a cure is imperative. This disease is not contagious, it is genetic and is thus acquired through the simple function of the genetic dice. There is absolutely nothing we can do about this sad syndrome, or is there... We can look to gene therapy an exciting and revolutionary upstart field of research and medicine which may reveal the key to unlocking a myriad of genetic diseases . This paper will explore the problems posed by SCIDs and the consequence offered by Marina Cavazzana-Calvo and Salima Hacein-Bey. Their calculate in gene therapy has great potential towards bursting the bubble on SCIDs.Immune System Introduction So, you ask, what does it mean to have SCID? Well, in order to answer this question, we have to go through a quick tour of the immune system. The immune system of the human body is comprised of a vast array of cells that fight off diseases (antigens) that are harmful to the well-being of the body. In an individual with a properly functioning immune system, the body has multiple genes that convert specific instructions for the proper design and function of the cells of the immune system. T... ...g gene. Thus, the non-functional gamma-c chain of these patients was corrected to function like a normal gamma-c chain. The researchers then took the corrected cells and returned them to the patients.Did it work? Yes. The results show a dra matic increase in a variety of major immune system cells.Where are they now? Both patients left defensive isolation after approximately three months of treatment. After an 11 month analysis, both patients appear to be growing well. No side effects (of whatever kind) have been reported. Basically, both patients have achieved a nearly perfect recovery in less than a year On a third patient, akin positive results have been achieved after 4 months of treatment. Drs. Cavazzana-Calvo et. al. have BURSTED THE BUBBLE ON SCIDs Of course, long-term analysis must be completed in order to grab the duration of this treatment.

We Need Stricter Laws for Drunk Driving (DUI) :: Argumentative, Persuasive Essays

Drunk impulsive is when an individual drives a vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level over the legaly permited limit. Driving under the influence of alcohol is a major health problem in the joined States as it accounts for a high number of road fatalities hence, there is a need for stricter drunk drive rules in the United States in order to stifle drunk driving fatalities. There is a need for the introduction and implementation of new drunk driving laws by the legislature, because presently the united States drunk driving laws are too gentle. The continuous localize of drunken driving fatalities makes a case that the united States drunk driving laws are too lenient and makes a call for stricter laws. According to Valenti countries with strict drunk driving penalties have a far lower incidence of accidents than the United States (1). The United States being a early world country is weak in enforcing strict punishment for drunk drivers. Valenti is emp hasizing on the fact that the united States need to improve their present laws and be firm in enforcing these new laws. There is a need for the United States to improve on their severity of its drunk driving penalties just the way the different part of the world have done and this is giving them a reduced straddle of drunk driving fatalities. The claim of the leniency of the United States drunk driving laws is further stated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), this is a prominent body when it comes to the issue of drunken driving fatalities. It claims that the drunken driving laws are severe enough. Despite great strides in awareness, education and enforcement in the last two decades the United States still has one of the most lenient drunken driving standards in the world. (NHTSA of existing laws. There is a need for stricter laws to be introduced as the United States ranks behind the world when it comes to effort to struggle drunk driving and more ef forts need to be put in place by the implementation of harsher laws so as to reduce the high rate of repeat offenders and first time offenders.The rate of repeat offenders is rising and the need to suppress this rate should be attended to immediately. Statistics supports the implementation of stricter rules, as the continual rate of the repeat offenders increases.

Australian Life :: essays research papers

Australian LifeLife in the pubic hairThe Australian liveness style was portrayed as oneness of the scrubman although itwas non . The life of a typical Australian was really the city life . Thebushman was one with no classes and he treated each person as equal . A middleclass person was the same as a operative class man . The bushman was a very faithworthy and helpful character he would help a stranger as if it was his whizzand if that friend needed anything he would be glade to ofer him every thing hehas .The bushman lead gypsy standardized lifestyle with the constant moving and roaminground the state side . They would often walk or get horse back from place toplace with their tent and billy and camp out over nighttime when they had no whereto stay . The bushman where very much like aborigines they tracked and did notneed a compass or a map they knew plants and trees . They called this bushcraft .A bushman would finagle , clean , wash his cloths and patch his pants th is makethem very independent . If a bushman was ordered or commanded he would say " Areyou talking to me or the dog ? " they treated everyone equal and wanted to betreated equal .They dressed in tweeds , flannel tops , with blue jumpers in the cold and yellowness oilskin jackets in the rain . They wore hard vesture blucher boots andbroad felt hats . The bushman would often have a drinkdown the pub . They oftentold stories to each another(prenominal) as their past time . The bushmans homes were madefrom slabs of shin , green hide . The houses were simple and didnt always showadvantage . Nor dose it have to , the bushmans home (bellow) is there toshelter him .In the 1880s writers and painters portrayed the bush life as better thenthe city life . This bought on the image that all Australians lived in the bush.City LifeThe city life of Australia was not recognized as much as the bush lifealthough most of the population of Australia were present in the cities . Thecities in t he mid 1880s were walking cities only the hardly a(prenominal) wealthy were able toafford the private horse-drawn transport . The wealthy with their transport weretherefore able to live out side of the city focalise . The working class workedand played short distances away from home .Australian Life essays research papers Australian LifeLife in the BushThe Australian life style was portrayed as one of the bushman although itwas not . The life of a typical Australian was really the city life . Thebushman was one with no classes and he treated every person as equal . A middleclass person was the same as a working class man . The bushman was a very trustworthy and helpful character he would help a stranger as if it was his friendand if that friend needed anything he would be glade to ofer him every thing hehas .The bushman lead gypsy like lifestyle with the constant moving and roaminground the country side . They would often walk or ride horse back from place toplace with their t ent and billy and camp out over night when they had no whereto stay . The bushman where very much like aborigines they tracked and did notneed a compass or a map they knew plants and trees . They called this bushcraft .A bushman would cook , clean , wash his cloths and patch his pants this madethem very independent . If a bushman was ordered or commanded he would say " Areyou talking to me or the dog ? " they treated everyone equal and wanted to betreated equal .They dressed in tweeds , flannel tops , with blue jumpers in the cold andyellow oilskin jackets in the rain . They wore hard wearing blucher boots andbroad felt hats . The bushman would often have a drinkdown the pub . They oftentold stories to each other as their past time . The bushmans homes were madefrom slabs of bark , green hide . The houses were simple and didnt always showadvantage . Nor dose it have to , the bushmans home (bellow) is there toshelter him .In the 1880s writers and painters portrayed the bush l ife as better thenthe city life . This bought on the image that all Australians lived in the bush.City LifeThe city life of Australia was not recognized as much as the bush lifealthough most of the population of Australia were present in the cities . Thecities in the mid 1880s were walking cities only the few wealthy were able toafford the private horse-drawn transport . The wealthy with their transport weretherefore able to live out side of the city center . The working class workedand played short distances away from home .

American Schools Need Essentialism Essay -- Education Teaching Essays

American Schools Need Essentialism There are five main philosophies that describe nurture Essentialism (the back-to-basics approach which strives to teach students the essentials), Progressivism (which stresses individuality), Perennialism (which is the teaching of philosophies that have been around for hundreds of years), Existentialism (which give the students the choice of when to study and when not to), and Behaviorism (which lets teachers use reinforcement to achieve the coveted behaviors which need to be used in the class room). Essentialism was the main philosophy used in earlier classrooms, and should be adopted back into the classrooms of forthwith.If essentialism is going to be brought back into the classroom many changes are needed. The students curricula of todays schools have too many classes that stray students away from the basic subjects. Another point of todays schools is that there is too much acceptance for absences, tardiness, and misbehavior. Students feel l ike the school is their personal playground and there is nothing the teachers can do closely it...

Cultural Conservation :: essays research papers

One problem with ethnic conservationTo put it simply, and its not a problems that only conservatives very often confuse(or conflate ethics and aesthetics. When Gertrude Himmererfarf lambastes come forward (as sheperceives it) amoral, sexually deviant and polymorpously perverse culture she isprimarily responding to something that she finds culturally foreign and aestheticallythreatening.I agree with her that determine argon oftentimes a good thing, but only when they areborn of an ethical and pragmatic perspective, not an aesthetic one.The conservatives want a seemingly neat and compartment society wherein stableappearances are maintained and archaic cultural archetypes are adhered to religiously. Igrew up in a world of cultural archetypes. I grew up with white businessmen going tooffice buildings while their wives stayed at home and their kids went to school. or , moreaccurately, I grew up with alcoholic, adulterous business men who lives culturally insularlives while their wive s took sedatives and smoked cigarettes and vented their frustrationson at that place kids, and these same kids took reams of drugs, got abortions, drove drunk, andvictimized the weaklings. I grew up in what most conservatives would consider a utopialots of money, prestige, cultural cohesion, and good conservative values. But their values were in fact aesthetics, and maintaining these aesthetics ruled andruined their lives. Almost everyone in this suburban bourgeoisie system hated their lives,but because they had been brought up to worship aesthetic myths they felt that toquestion them was an admission of personal failure.What are these myths? theyre old and platitudinal but Ill trot on them againthats money makes you halcyon, that society is right and that want is bad, thatmaintaining convention in every aspect of your life is the ultimate good, that aberrancefrom these ideas is sin. ect.Im not going to say that the polar opposites of the clichs is true, that would beone of the f ailings of the entire left. I believe that for the most part these criteria areirrelevant. Money can make life easier, but it also can make life miserable. beggary canbe bad but it can also be fine. Convention has some good points and some bad points. What it all comes down to is tractableness that should allow for the well being of theindividual without compromising the rights of other individuals.When conservatives trot out their litany of evils-homosexuality, single parentfamilies, multiculturalism, ect. Im always asking why?. If people are happy being gaythen whets wrong with that? it may be a lifestyle thats aesthetically different from what

Suicides in Foxconn

FOXCONN Abstract Principles ofOrganizational Behaviorfrom the point of view, combined with Foxconn employees work attitude, hypothecate gladnessand work pressure, etc. , on a world-renowned company Foxconn consecutive suicides occurred in a comparative analysis to explain the business In the date of reference of the ripeningprocess need to strengthen the focussing measures. Keywords Foxconn, suicide, cognitive dissonance, job satisfaction,work pressure From January 2010 to November 2010, just 11 months time, the industrys leading OEM companies Foxconn employees took place to a greater extent than a dozen suicides.Shocked the whole community, Foxconn is also pushed to the cusp of public opinion, resulting in the suicide for many reasons, this paper go out fol paltry the principles of organizational behavior, from the attitude of staff,job satisfactionandwork pressureangle analyze, and to make business in the context of the times need to be strengthened steering measures. First, t he background stillts Foxconn managementJanuary 23, 2010, 19-year-old horse to app atomic fare 18nt motion in staff training at the southern quarters Foxconn death in 2010, the evening of March 11, 0930, Fuji Kang Longhua base, surnamed Li, a 20-year-old male C2 in the live quarters, 5th Floor, fall dead November 5, 2010, a 23-year-old park in Shenzhen Foxconn male workers committed suicide, which occurred since the beginning of the fourteenth consecutive suicides. Second, the Foxconn management event analysis Foxconn management event, the staff of suicide potentiometer be divided into two separate aspects of the occurrence and collective place. A separate suicide When a suicide occurs, Foxconn, Foxconn enlisting at the entrance is still full of flock, when asked whether the finishdidates know that Foxconn suicide, the answer is known. When asked why to candidates, the answer is to open here on time wages, never in arrears. Foxconn released from the intercession of employe es to see their three meals a day can guarantee accommodation unutteredware, transportation, laundry and other basic living conditions can be guaranteed, which is also a number of job seekers in the know Foxconn suicide after the incident still choose to work Foxconn reasons.Why these basic conditions are met, the staff, the staff or the consequent suicides happen? The reasons are manifold. Data show the continuous Foxconn suicides have occurred in the younger generation of employees. Therefore, these new generation of employees to its own characteristics and has a lot of suicide, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the current business environment caused by excessive pressure on the employees, and these pressure generation, from the perspective ofOrganizational Behavioris the cognitive dissonance caused by the employees.Cognitive dissonance refers to any form of attitudes and behavior are inconsistent will people feel uncomfortable, so the individual will try to precipitate this mis match, uncomfortable, if non mend cognitive dissonance, then the pressure will increase staff, accumulated to a received extent when the pressure can non resolve, there whitethorn lead to suicide.Cognitive dissonance caused by Foxconn employees is mainly due to secondaryjob satisfactiona long time, Foxconn did non lower employeejob satisfactionto improve this problem and take impelling measures, lowjob satisfactionis the work of various factors caused, mainly due to the following four points 1. Interest in workingswith low input pressure is huge. Foxconn, front-line staff here is equivalent to a large machine parts, every day repeating the same work, and is refined into a product of a step, spend months and years do the accumulated pressure is very great, because such work is not only monotonous, but also heavy to put into it.Relative to the new generation of employees, their fathers on the job satisfaction canmake moneymainly depends on the simple duplication of work brough t virtually by the pressure and can deliver the economic income compared to income is dominant, even if than the current pressures facing the new generation of larger,make moneyto achieve this goal will significantly reduce the cognitive dissonance caused by pressure, while the new generation of employees no onger earn money as migrant workers for the sole purpose, more more to lifestyle changes and seek better opportunities, when they face such a person is equivalent to the production machine as pArtof boring work, it can not compensate for low wages brought about by the work of cognitive dissonance. 2. Respect for the low social groups, lack the necessary intercourse. Foxconn, work to approximate the precision to use seconds, no time to stopworkingtogether, not to mention the exchange between each other. orkingtime, work at Foxconn The staff are aware, no overtime is not making money, so their normalworkingtime is 12 hours to two shifts, that in addition to work, the remaining time is exceedingly limited. to work together tired after work activities of employees is best returned to the bedroom to rest, and live in a bedroom with its employees do not work close to the same time, it will appear in the management of the incident, Foxconn to be able to call all their own bedroom of names of staff reward thing. pace, Foxconn Although a large number of employees, but basically no staff their own organization, the villagers will be, students will be able to enhance employee communications and other organizations is inherent not. this environment also makes the job satisfaction greatly reduced. Links to free download http//eng. hi138. com 3. Difficult to achieve self-worth, aspirations and reality together far.Foxconn, even if it is determined in accordance with the system 12 hours of overtime to work two shifts, the hand is 1000 yuan. And these new generation of employeesworkingat Foxconn Although subjected to a certain form of education, but its still somew hat lacking in life skills. and some keen and medium enterprises are often overdue wages compared to wages is at work here on time, and the living conditions of the hardware is relatively good, so in Fujihealthwork is an inevitable choice. nowingly choose to pay the onerousies is difficult to achieve their ideals, it is difficult to change the status quo. and now a new generation of employees is far less than the income of the purchasing power of their parents, hard work hard to get self- realization, leading to low job satisfaction. 4. The pressure did not retreat. In addition to this little way, and staff ompared to the older generation, a new generation of people growing up is different this generation growing up with their fathers to be superior compared to many, their lives frame of reference is age of the city, their requirements of life is urbanization, the rural peace of sagacity so that they can go back to farming is unrealistic, while due to its own conditions, you want to really integrate into urban society, there is a certain distance, But a new generation of employees or to strive with, Foxconn isworkingtowards his dream of an important step forward, but as conditions, skills and other limitations, furtherdevelopmentis difficult, even if left Foxconn, a company may be next Another Foxconn, or difficult to achieve genuine integration into the city this goal. Home go back, work hard in the city into which a new generation of employees to enhance dilemma pressure. (Two consecutive suicide 1. Continuous coverage of suicide make a motion employee attitudes, suicide is contagious in the study of suicide, suicide is a certain contagious. Many studies have described for television, radio and other media reported that a number of detailed suicide, and the community of suicide or attempted suicide on the increase in incidents. 2.Suicide after the incident, the measures taken by Foxconn is not effective in the Foxconn suicides occurred during a continuou s, its management of the event there is no effective intervention and management of change. Spate of jumping incident, Foxconns management brought in Wutai Mountain is one of the approximately famous monk, to pray for the dead zone. This will not only ease the suicide is not contagious, but also increased the mysterious suicide of employees mental spirits causing mischief that is psychological implications, so that employees feel that they commit suicide are from God. This is not fundamentally solve the suicide contagious trespass on staff. Third, theenterprise managementmeasures to reduce employee suicide 1 play to the functions of trade unions.Foxconn great personal strength in the face of a small capital, and only effectively play the role of trade unions, employees and businesses in order to make equal dialogue becomes possible, in order to be binding on the company, the employees protection of the rights of the working pressure to get some relief. (2) relying on the country to encourage policies that seek to achieve business transformation as a foundry, low labor costs in order to build and expand in the market. This has resulted in low staff salaries,developmentof small issues. Want to change this a situation, only to high value-added industries, so companies do not rely on cheap labor to profit, so that employees have the opportunity to realize their value to the enterprise, reduce work pressure. focus on enhancing employee job satisfaction and make the appropriate adjustment (1 to improve the work, increase employee interest can learn the advanced management concept, in the same or different production lines adjacent to implement regular exchange of staff for a long time do not let the same work, to reduce pressure on staff to reduce long repeated mechanical action of fatigue, increase employee interest (2 to enhance communication between employees can be set up work space communication among workers, who exchanges the same bedroom ways to improve t he communication environment (3 vocational training to increase staff can be set up some useful talentdevelopmenttraining programs, making the lack of employment skills and relatively low quality of the staff have the opportunity to learn, have the opportunity to move into management, but also to more good localdevelopmentof the capital. 4 when a crisis occurs, urgent and effective response when an enterprise such extreme issues early, companies should try to coordinate with the media and other relevant departments, to seek the opinion of the continuous occurrence to minimize the impact of suicide. Fourth, the prospectOEM companies such as Foxconn, Chinas economic prosperity and has a huge role in the development of its glorious past, but today the face of new situation, they face not only the extreme behavior of employees, but also There are a range of issues such as labor shortage. how in the rapid development of social background, to manage a new generation of employees, how to i ncrease their job satisfaction, how to make them run better with the business, how to make them realize their ideals , healthy life, etc. These efforts not only businesses, but also the whole community should think about problems and believe in the company, society, joint efforts of a new generation of employees, the problem can be resolved and hope that Fuji extreme events such ashealthmanagement problems do not happen again. Links to free download http//eng. hi138. com

Mindful Wonders of Temple Grandin Essay

The intellectual is an endless space of possibilities that quite a little usually take for granted. But this was definitely not the case for tabernacle Grandin. Despite her learning disability, tabernacle discovered her own exceptional way of thinking. The movie shows us all the different examples in which temple customs her unique mind for the better. By describing temples appearance and persona, we can try to better understand how visualises and character of a person wont change their intellect. through discussion of her distinctive ways of learning, I will be able to relate them to my own learning styles which are similar to temples.The movie Temple Grandin, begins with Temple on her way to visit her aunt for the summer where she will be working with the horses and cows in their paste. Since the beginning, the film had been showing Temples interest in animals. While observing the ranch, she notices a machine that hugs the cows and calms their nerves. Then, one day Temple had a panic attack Temple thinks of the necking dodge and places herself in the machine.To her surprise, it instantly calms her. Since she was young, she always felt uncomfortable with any human contact, including her own mothers touch and affection. From there on break through, the device substitutes as a human hug for Temple. After that summer, It was time for Temple to go to college, in which she hesitantly and nervously agreed to her mothers request. When Temple arrived at her dorm, she had another panic attack. Her mother immediately knew that she had to give her some space and so she went outside. A recollection appeared, revealing Temples diagnosis of autism when she was younger. During the diagnosis at the doctors office, the mother was in disbelief when the doctor explained that it was her cold and distant actions towards Temple which caused her to be this way.The doctor also suggested placing Temple in a mental institution, which enraged the mother even to a greater ex tent and decided to take care of Temple herself which led to where they were now. Temple decided to gravel in college despite her anxiety. She remembers the device that calmed her back at the ranch and decided to build one for herself. With the machine at hand, Temple was able to cope with the stresses of college life. even so with all the benefits it gave Temple, the drill forced her to compensate rid of it. For some ground, the school board thought it was used for a sexual purpose. After a scam break from school, her aunt decided to help her persuade the school to let her withstand the machine. To prove the real usage of her machine, Temple surveyed some(prenominal) students.She asked them to try out the machine and tell her how they felt using it. Temple did lastly prove that the machine was and is only used for personal calming purposes the school then allowed her to keep it in her dorm. With that, Temple is now able to function well in school. Afterward, the film shows T emples old high school where she didnt rightfully seem to fit in. Just when most of the teachers felt hopeless for Temple, a teacher named Dr. Carlock saw something in Temple and decided to help her. Little by little, Dr. Carlock discovers Temples unique abilities and notices her strong interest in science. With encouragement from Dr. Carlock and her family, Temple finally graduated from college and started working at a ranch. She notices all the pros and cons of the ranchs current routine working with the cattle.With Temples unique mind, she tries to change the slaughterhouse so that it would be more efficient and humane. During her efforts in doing so, she receives several gender discriminations from her fellow ranchers. Such as banning her from the ranch, spoiling her vehicle with cattle meat, and even just ignoring her altogether. But, with her strong will, she chose to ignore these nuisances and kept trying until soulfulness notices. Some men finally studied her plans and con sidered her intentions. All her efforts paid off when they built one of her blueprints and tried it with the cattle.The success of the experiment opened up more opportunities to her, like being in a well-known local magazine and soon, being known in the whole ranch/cattle universe as well. By the end of the movie, Temple and her mother attends a gathering of all the people who are affected by autism. Temple tells people how she overcame her own difficulties with school and with life in general. e preciseone was so amazed by her situation that they coached her into talking in front of the whole audience.Temple Grandin is definitely not just your norm cowgirl. She accreditedly shows a higher way of thinking than most of us could even imagine. Striking people with her average appearance, nobody would even set out a clue of what her mind is really capable of. Temple has thick, curly, reddish-brown hair which goes fine with her well-structured and all American facial structure. She is also average in height, which magnate be between the lines of 53 to 56. As far as clothing goes, Temple has her own interesting sense of style.She definitely carries the puncher shirt, tie, and a pair of the typical blue jeans very well. This regular outfit of hers definitely goes with her relaxed and cowboy persona this ended up being her signature look as well. Temple is a very sweet and well-mannered girl. Although, she did not like being touched, even by her own mother, she shows how she cares for others by talking in her relaxed and reassuring tone. Another admiring trait that she has is her strong sense of will. She trained herself to be good at something and worked really hard at it. Her goal is to sell her work, kind of than selling herself. Temples imaginative and contingent-oriented mind allowed her to think of things other people would not.Being a visual thinker that she is, she sorts things into different specific categories, so this allows her to see each and eve ry detail that would and would not work logically for a specific system. An example of this would be the times in the movie where she tries to whole tone and experience what cattle are going through. One amazing power that Temples mind possesses is the ability to remember every single detail of every single thing she encounters every single day. Basically, Temple doesnt think how most of us usually do we mostly overgeneralize, which is thinking covering to bottom. Temple, on the other hand, thinks from the bottom to the top. Temple Grandins appearance never hindered her descriptive ability when it comes to learning and working with animals. A descriptive portrayal of a person, in this case, of Temple Grandin, can never outweigh a persons capabilities and outlook of his/her life.The themes of the movie are very distinct. Since the beginning of the film, we notice Temples anxieties from one thing to another. Starting with her fear of new places and situations, much(prenominal) as t he time when she first got to her aunts ranch, the first time she got to her college dorm, and spring doors to new and unfamiliar places. Fear is a big part of Temples story because it shows the different ways she overcame them. At first, she thought of change negatively. She imitation that new things would inflict more stress and anxiety in her.Due to this, she created the hugging machine that she once observed being used in her aunts ranch. Meeting Dr. Carlock dramatically changed Temples view of new things. He taught her that every door opens to new opportunities and that she just had to go through them. Ever since then, Temple built up all the courage she could gain and did asshe was told. As a result, she went through a number of doors which led her to amazing opportunities such as confrontation people who had connections to slaughterhouse owners and the beginning of her long-awaited future. Another factor that led Temple to endure and overcome her fears is the amount of per severance she had within her.Her ending to get things done is unbelievable. It almost seemed like giving up was never the choice for Temple. Even at times, where she didnt have a choice she make ways. For instance, Temple was cruelly discriminated for being a female working in a male environment by spoiling her truck with bull testicles and eventually banning her from entering the ranch. However, with Temples brilliant mind she came up with the best ideas to make the ranch allow her back in. She observed all the people that were allowed in that particular ranch and noticed that they only permitted the stereotypical ranch men and special personnel to come inside.With that in mind, she traded her car with a tone arm truck, in which she purposely ruined, changed her wardrobe into a more male-friendly style and convinced the local newspaper to give her a badge. To her surprise, the ranch let her in without the slightest uncertainty that she was actually a female. Another example woul d be the time where she needed a blueprint made, but the draftsman was very busy and she didnt have time to wait. As determined as she was, Temple knew what her mind can do so she observed the draftsman working on other blueprints. She watched intimately as he carefully drew them with great precision. Soon after that, she found herself making her own blueprints accurately enough that later on, a meeting of slaughterhouse officials gathered around her self-made blueprints and were practically stunned with what she had in store for them. Temples ways of overcoming her fears and willpower despite her autism only broadened my perceptiveness for her.With her unique way of thinking, Temple discovered a new way of learning despite her condition. She discovered that visual thinking is what works best for her. idea of my own learning experiences, I actualized that Temple and I have a number of similarities when it comes to learning. For me, I always knew that visual learning is the most trenchant way, as well. Since I was young, colors and movement catches my attention every time while reading and listening always seemed to bore me after a certain amount of time. This is probably why English isnt really my forte. Among my family, I am known to be the crafty and creative one. I noticed that I think well when it involves something visual. When participating in presentations, projects, and experiments, I always go over a little more than what is really needed because for some reason it helps me learn the material in more depth. The proof is all in my report card my grades soared when it came to art and sciences.The diagrams and examples that were given are the ones that always get stuck in my head. I am also a very keen observer. I am one of those students who stand to the side and just watch. So it when comes to me trying it for myself, I get it done. Connecting my experience to Temples, I remember the time when I was younger and very curious about computers. My par ents didnt want to teach me how to use them because they thought I was too young. But as I watched my dad use the computer, I noticed all the buttons he pressed and the functions they served. Until one day, I decided that it was time for me to get my hands on the machine. My dad told me that I knew exactly what button to press to turn it on and where to move the mouse to get to the games. Temples abilities will never be close to what I am able to do with my mind. But our similarities of being visual learners made me realize that being unique with your own learning style would be best.Also, the weaknesses that you possess shouldnt hold you back from achieving your plans and goals. The mind is the most powerful weapon a human possesses. Despite Temple Grandins learning disability, she learned a different way to make her mind work wonders by thinking in more visual terms rather than thinking logically. Seeing how Temple uses this technique for the better during the film, I realize that my own learning technique is very similar to hers. Temples rather average, yet unique persona allowed her to be known as an individual full of hope and perseverance for a lot of people today, including myself. Temple established the idea of self-perseverance and almost suggests the small power of generalized gender roles in society. As of today, she continues her influence in our world in terms of animal treatments and in the world of autism.

Greek and Roman Architecture

Running Head Hellenic and romish Architecture Greek and Roman Architecture By Michelle Garrotters Art hundred and one November 2nd, 2008 Head Greek and Roman Architecture Compare the characteristics and innovation of each Greek and Roman Architecture. The Greek and Roman architecture is very impressive for non only their time but also in our time today. The Greek architecture rehearses the columns in almost all of their temples. The shapes of the columns were extremely important to the Greeks. They used ternion different types of columns. The Doric, Ionic, and the Corinthian.All of these columns have a center piece that would be for displaying their Greek God(s) with what ever decorations. The Temple of Olympian Zeus is an physical exercise of Corinthian columns. The Temple of Poseidon is an example of Doric columns, and Athens is an example of Ionic columns. The Greeks usually built with either mud, wood, plaster, and/or stone. Most of their buildings have not stood the menta l testing of time. Only temples made with marble or limestone these were built as objects of art honoring their different gods. These have been able to withstand the damage that time brings.The Roman architecture used mostly arches in their works. Which held more(prenominal) weight than the columns. Yes they used columns but only as decoration because of the weight. The Pantheon in Rome is a commodious example of this architecture. This building housed two kings and is one of the biggest surviving building in Rome. Romans used the same materials as the Greeks especially the Marble and Limestone. But they perfected the use of concrete, which is what most of their structures are made with. Most of the Romans buildings that are still preserved today are amphitheaters, bathhouses, aqueducts, and public housing. Unlike the Greeks theRomans did their buildings with lots of ornate on some(prenominal) inside and outside reflecting the Pursuit of Pleasure which is an essential part of the Roman culture. In summary, Greek architecture is more rectilinear and of post and lintel construction. Greek buildings usually rectilinear, consisted off pediment supported by columns on a plinth for a base. Romans mastered the arch and the dome. Concrete made it possible to have more complex forms. Columns were used in both with the Greek favoring the Doric and Ionic for the cleaner lines. While the Romans preferred to use the more ornate Corinthian flair columns.

Cicero: on Friendship Analysis Essay

Aristotle once said, Friendship is a single soul dwelling in two bodies. thither are some things that go into the process of knowledge. Some hatful deal with friendship one way while others deal with it in another way. Cicero had a lot to say about the different aspects of friendship in his time, but how would he view modern friendship? Some friendships Cicero whitethorn not be proud of equivalent the common relationships that are forced on in a classroom or work place and the overleap of allowing disposition to take control and correct the friendships that are meant to happen. However, Cicero would be happy with the way the higher level friendships have developed in virtue and order.Cicero dwelled on the fact that friendship must have common factors. Friends should share the greatest agreement of desires and interests and opinions (Cicero, 7). Modern friendship has turned into something that makes common people feel like they have to be friends. For example, in the classroom or workplace it is encouraged to make friends with e reallyone that you are involved with daily. Does building a friendship based on common surroundings make a good one? Cicero would say no. He would say that friendship has to be built on something more than just a desire for common interests like a job. It must agree on things that build a relationship such as these desires, interests, and opinions.There is no way that Cicero would be happy with the encouragement to build false relationship only on the grounds that someone works in the similar place as someone else. He is not saying that you need to be enemies with these people because he knows the importance of common friendship. He knows that if you were to take friendship out of the world then no home or city could stand, (and) no farms would stay in cultivation (Cicero, 9). There is nothing wrong with a temporary friendship but he says, If mutual vantage is what stitches friendship together, those friendships would dissolve whenever that condition changed but since the nature of things cannot be changed, true friendship give last forever (Cicero, 12).The condition that may change in common, modern relationships is the job or the class that you have made those friends in. You can still make good friends within the workplace or classroom, but the friendship cannot solely rely on the fact that the friends have the same surroundings.Human nature is what makes people want to have friendships. This is one of the main things that Cicero continuously touched on in his book. Friendship arises from nature as such, rather than from some neediness from application of the mind, along with a kind of love, rather than from thinking about how much advantage the relationship might bring (Cicero, 11).Cicero would be very disappointed in how many relationships are built for the need of a soul instead of letting nature take control of the friendship. There are a lot of misguide and wrong friendships in todays social c lub that Cicero would look down on. The fact that one person uses another person for their own will is not the kind of relationship that Cicero was wanting people to build.He brings up the nature of human beings a lot in this text because people take advantage of other people and he knew that. Friendship is not something we are led to by the expectation of making a profit we think it worth pursuit because the whole enjoyment of it consists in the love itself (Cicero, 12). The love and nature of friendship go hand in hand when building relationships because without love for that person thither is no need for a friendship to be kept. The friendship should happen naturally.Unlike in todays world, friends were found to feel wanted. Now the person with the most friends is considered the best because of their popularity however, that should not be the case. It is better to have three great friends than a thousand false ones. Friendship must be make by nature. That feeling of love and affectionate goodwill come naturally into existence, once there has been a recognition of goodness (Cicero, 12). This nature founded by goodness, virtue, and value are what really builds a solid friendship that Cicero would be very proud of.Higher levels of friendship are the ones that hold strong for years. Cicero would be rapturous to see that the virtue and value of friendship has grown since his time. Once you get passed the lower levels of friendship such as the common relationships and the lack of control nature has on friendships you can see that. Virtue and value are the greatest aspect that friendship has today and did have back then. Friends are there for apiece other when they are going through the good and bad times.Friendship makes good times yet more splendid, and takes some weight off of reproachful times, by sharing them (Cicero, 9). Without friendship there would be no point in living. Cicero realizes that friends are what get people through their day to day live s. Everything that exists and moves in the universe is brought together by friendship (Cicero, 9) There is no love without friendship, no teams without friendship, no jobs, and no country without friendship because friendship is what makes everything work. Cicero would be very happy with the way people value friendship today.A good, modern friendship is hard to come by in todays society with everyone wanting something from someone else. Cicero knew all about what made friendship work. The world has changed the way friendship is viewed. Cicero would love to see that the virtue and value of friendship has developed. presumet fling behind me I may not lead. Dont walk in front of me I may not follow. sound walk beside me and be my friend. Albert Camus said that about what he thought a friend should be within the friendship not lead, not follow, just to walk beside him. It takes a long time and a lot of work to build a solid friendship but, according to Cicero, once you have it is the greatest muffin of all.

Hamlet and the Man in the Iron Mask Essay

The valet de chambre in the urge Mask, by Alexandre Dumas, and crossroads, by William Shakespeare, two follow similar plot lines and relate to each some other through their make-ups. Shakespeare and Dumas both discuss themes of family, arbitrator and judgement, lies and deceit, trueness and the consequences of retaliate. These major themes blend seamlessly in the stories of Shakespeares hamlet and The Man in the Iron Mask. The themes are consonant through pop the cinch and the book, ultimately addressing the search for truth and justice in each of the protagonists situations.Although a number of similarities exist between the two stories, they approach the subject of homage differently. What Shakespeare and Dumas have discussed in their stories demonstrates a similar challenge, the search for the truth behind the lies. small town and Philippe amaze mentally as they dish out the consequences of their actions and inaction. As other characters become tied to their react ions, they too pay a footing for their involvement. First, in both books there are themes about(predicate) the consequences of visit.The main theme is that revenge leads to destruction instead of solving the problem, ultimately escalating the primary problem further. Both forms show justice and judgement in the revenge displayed towards the kings. In the play of Hamlet, the main character is confronted with the ghost of his adhere under ones skin who reveals that his wipeout was non an accident but a murder. As Hamlet repulses revenge, other wad become twisty and a cycle of revenge for death takes place. In order to accomplish what he knows as justice, Hamlet uses sound judgement as he takes revenge, both physically and emotionally, on those around him.In the Man in the Iron Mask, the musketeers want to take their induce revenge on the king for the lack of feed for the starving people in the village and his cruelty in general toward his people. Vengeance in this book tur ns into a cycle as the three musketeers take revenge on the king the king later takes revenge onto his people. The son of the recently deceased king is known to us as a late man named Hamlet. The truth of the death of his father becomes known to Hamlet when his fathers ghost appears to him, explaining that he was murdered with poison at the hand of his own brother, Hamlets uncle.This method of death by poisoning foreshadows the death of the main characters later in the play. Prince Hamlet then devotes himself to avenging his fathers death, but delays the physical death of his uncle in order to torture him psychologically. The people involved enter into a deep melancholy and madness as Hamlet lets go of his closest relationships, mind family and friends for their disrespect toward his dead father. Hamlet psychologically tortures his uncle by arranging for a play named Mouse frame. Hamlet plans it so that it parallels his fathers death, in an exertion to witness Claudius, Hamlets uncles, reaction.Claudius goes through physiological distress as he begins to wonder if Hamlet knows the truth behind the death of his father. Claudius then runs out of the theatre in order to pray for forgiveness. Hamlet follows and begins to draw his sword as this becomes the ideal moment to enact justice onto his uncle. However, Hamlet takes notice that Claudius killed his father while his fathers sins were unforgiven. pansy Hamlet had no time to repent due to the fact of his murder and was left to the divine to judge him. Hamlet decided to kill Claudius another time, perhaps when the king is drunk, angry or in the middle of an immoral act.This way, there would be no uncertainty about whether Claudius would go to Hell or not. Hamlet admires his father to the extent that he is resolute not only to kill Claudius but also to make him suffer the wrath and judgement, sending him to a similar afterlife in Hell. (Shakespeare pg. 85 Act III, Scene 3). As Hamlet goes to his mother in a nger, he is determined to inflict pain on her emotionally, using his own judgement a don to enact justice. Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love Over the nasty sty. (Shakespeare pg. 89. Act III, Scene 4).As the queen cries out for help, Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius, Claudius adviser, as he thrashes his sword into the mantel in hopes that it is Claudius. This causes Ophelia, Polonius daughter, great distress as she quickly becomes psychologically distressed and senseless. And will a not come again? And will a not come again? No, no he is dead, Go to thy deathbed, He never will come again. (Shakespeare pg. 109. Act IV, Scene 5). In this state of mind, she dances to the river and falls in, drowning to her death. Laertes, Ophelias brother and Polonius son, arrives from his travels.He is enraged and takes revenge for the death in his family. King Claudius takes this opportunity to turn Laertes against Hamlet as he d evises a plan with Laertes so that they both can take their revenge on him. Again poison is used for the death. Poison is placed in a cup of water that is offered to Hamlet during a sword fight. Furthermore, Laertes places poison on his sword forrader the duel. This scheme radically backfires on the King as his sore wife, Gertrude, drinks out of the cup, and Laertes and Hamlet get stabbed with the poison. In the end Claudius is forced by Hamlet to drink the poison and all four major characters die to poison. Shakespeare pg. 140 Act X, Scene 2). Fortunately, before his death, Hamlet was finally successful in his revenge as the details surrounding the death of Hamlets father become revealed to the crowd of people watching the dual. Therefore, by taking revenge, it leads the avengers to their own destruction as they took justice and judgement into their own hands and accomplished what they had promised. In The Man in the Iron Mask the theme on the consequences of revenge in justice a nd judgement are similar to that in Hamlet, as it begins a cycle of death.In this fresh, justice is whatever King Louis cardinal says it is. This explains how the system of government worked in France during the 16th and 17th century. At the beginning of the impertinent, Paris is starving but King Louis XIV is more interested in economic gain and seducing women. Madame de la Valliere becomes the woman after whom the king is lusting and sends Raoul, her finance to war. As Raoul begins to become depressed from his broken heart, he is sent off to battle. According to the kings orders, he is sent to the front lines and all men are to abandon him. Raoul inevitably dies in battle.When Athos, Raouls father, hears about the death of his son, he becomes enraged at the king. Athos forcefully criticized the King for his behaviour regarding La Valliere and the death of his son. Aramis, Athos and Porthos band together with a plan to tack the king (Alexandre Dumas, chapter 10. pg. 79). This p lan involves the replacement of King Louis XIV with his twin brother. The three musketeers free the imprisoned Philippe who has been behind prison doors for six years and placed in an iron mask. In the end, all three musketeers die and Philippe is placed back in prison hidden, forever beneath the mask of iron.Although all of the characters in the novel seek out revenge, their efforts fall short of being truly successful. The Man in the Iron Mask and Hamlet show the consequences of revenge depicted in each of the characters struggles to take justice into their own hands. Their revenge ultimately results in a cycle of death. The main difference between the play Hamlet and the novel The Man in the Iron Mask is the theme of loyalty. In the play, loyalty remains consistent as Hamlet is loyal to his father and his vengeance. However, in The Man in the Iron Mask, loyalties are continually being changed as the characters are pitted against each other.The characters in the novel are expected to always be loyal to King Louis XIV however, this requirement in the kings subjects conflicts with loyalties between friends, family, and the self-interest of the musketeers. This main theme demonstrates that the search for the revelation of truth comes at the price of either breaking loyalties or staying true to loyalties, and facing death in the process. In Hamlet, there are several different characters that portray loyalty continuously throughout the novel. The main character, Hamlet, shows his loyalty to his father, growing angry at the fact that he was murdered by his uncle.When his father asks Hamlet to take revenge on Claudius, Hamlet becomes enraged and his willingness to take revenge becomes revealed. Ghost Revenge his foul and intimately unnatural murder. Hamlet Murder? Ghost Murder most foul, as in the best it is But this most foul strange and unnatural. Hamlet Haste me to knowt, that I, with wings as swift, As meditation or the thoughts of love, May sweep to my reveng e. (Shakespeare pg. 29 Act I, Scene 5). Hamlet stays loyal to his fathers memory through the whole novel, seeking revenge on Claudius until he is able to kill him, accomplishing this task as he dies alongside Claudius.Loyalty is also shown by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, courtiers and former friends of Hamlet from Wittenberg. They are summoned by the new king, Claudius, to discover the cause of Hamlets strange, negative and morbid behaviour. Their loyalty to the king causes them to lose Hamlets association and respect. As Hamlet discovers this, he arranges their death, making them pay for their betrayal to him with their lives. Loyalty is also shown in Act I, when Horatio, Marcellus and Bernardo reveal to Hamlet what they see of ghost of his father. They also swear to upkeep silent about the event, which remains kept secret throughout the novel.Again, Horatio shows loyalty to Hamlet as he watches the reaction of the king during the play Mouse Trap performed by the players. He la ter tells Hamlet about the facial reactions of the king as he watched the performer kill the fake king, revealing his guilt in the murder of Hamlets father. However, in The Man in the Iron Mask, loyalties change continuously, most notably demonstrated in the ending of the famous friendship of the three musketeers. The broken loyalties within the kingdom break the trust of all characters through scandals and lies. For xample, the queen gives her loyalty to Philippe but sacrifices Philippe for her political stability. Also, Aramis demonstrates betrayal in his disloyalty to the new prince Philippe. At the beginning of the novel, Aramis praises Philippe through his love, respect and service however, he leaves Philippe to fend for himself without a backward glance. Aramis chooses his career advancement over his friendships and loyalties. This is revealed to us by his discussion of Porthos and Philippe, when he suggests Porthos be killed to preserve the secret of Philippe.Another example of disloyalty is when Aramis, one of the main three musketeers shows true and loyal feelings to Philippe, but chooses political stability gain over faithfulness to Philippe. A friends word is the truth itself. If I think of touching, even with one finger, the son of Anne of Austria, the true King of this ground of France if I have not the firm intention of prostrating myself before his throne if, according to my wishes, to-morrow here at Vaux will not be the most first-class day my King ever enjoyed, may Heavens lightning blast me where I stand Aramis had pronounced these words with his face turned towards the alcove of his bedroom, where dArtagnan, seated with his back towards the alcove, could not suspect that any one was lying concealed. The earnestness of his words, the studied slowness with which he pronounced them, the solemnity of his oath, gave the Musketeer the most unload satisfaction. (Alexandre Dumas, chapter 14. pg. 104) Later on in the novel it is clear that Arami s no longer feels any real loyalty to Prince Philippe. Warn the Prince, and then- do what? Take him with me?Carry this objective witness about with me everywhere? War, too, would follow,- civil war, implacable in its nature And without any resource- alas, it is impossible What will he do without me? Without me he will be utterly destroyed Yet who knows? let destiny be fulfilled Condemned he was, let him remain so, then (Dumas, chapter 21 pg. 231) By the end of the novel, King Louis XIV has obtained absolute world power, where his word is law, accepting no disagreement to what he says. Aramis desires to have influence and power alongside of King Louis XIV. Soldier, priest, and diplomat gallant, greedy, and cunning Aramis took the good enough things in this life as steppingstones to rise to bad ones. Generous in mind, if not noble in heart, he never did ill but for the rice beer of shining a little more brilliantly. (Alexandre Dumas chapter 6. pg. 34). In order to live and have pow er, loyalty needed to be kept to the king. Philippes friends chose loyalty to Philippe and they were killed as a result. In the end, after the death of his friends, Aramis retreats to a Spanish estate in his glorious riches.The Queen, however, wants the kingdom to succeed and she sees that the only way to do so is to listen to the people. The people beg for food and help from the king. However, King Louis XIV shows no compassion towards his people and is only interested in personal pleasure. For the pursuit of the country, Anne of Austria, the Queen and mother of Philippe, chooses to help her son, but as her power begins to decline she sacrifices Philippe for her political stability. In Hamlet and The Man in the Iron Mask loyalty is portrayed differently. Both stories show that being loyal exacts a high price.The death of all those who are loyal in these stories is an example of the high price that must be paid. In Hamlet, loyalty is continuous throughout the play, but in The Man i n the Iron Mask, there is no loyalty when power begins to corrupt the characters. Therefore, all these examples show that the portrayals of the themes of loyalty in Hamlet and The Man in the Iron Mask are very different. In Hamlet, the truth is shew through the loyal bonds of Horatio as he tells the story of the death of the true king. In The Man in the Iron Mask the truth of Philippe is revealed to the kingdom through the courageous acts of the three musketeers.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay

Almost i in every hundred children gets handle in the United States, and it happens every day. squirt abuse is when a child is physically, sexually, emotionally, and mentally abused. Sexual exploitation, neglect, abandonment, and maltreatment are also forms of abuse. Physical abuse includes but not limited to, throwing kicking, burning, or cold shoulder a child. Striking them with a closed fist shaking them when they are under the age of three, interfering with their breathing, threatening them with a deadly weapon, or doing some(prenominal) other act that is likely to give the child bodily harm and other minor to major injuries to their health, welfare, and safety. Sexual abuse is committing or allowing to be commit to any sexual offense against a child as defined in the criminal code and sexual exploitations when a child is prostituted, being enter in pornographic acts, or being a part of a live action of pornographic acts. Neglect and maltreatment is when the child is not p rovided with an passable amount of food, shelter, clothing, supervision, or healthcare.Abandonment is when a child is deserted by their guardian, left without food, water, shelter, clothing, hygiene, and medical healthcare, or when the guardian is just not doing things they are supposititious to do for a child, they relieve themselves from their duties. We are all mandatory reporters. Meaning that any citizen that sees anything suspicious should report, or if you know of a child being abused and dont report, you are just as guilty. Almost five children die every day as a result of child abuse. small fry abuse is no doubt a hidden epidemic in our society today. Ninety portion of child sexual abuse victims know the perpetrators in some way 60-eight percent are abused by family members. Child abuse also happens no matter how rich or silly you are, doesnt matter what color you are, and it doesnt matter how smart or dumb you are.Thirty percent of women in prison were abused as chil dren, and sixty percent of people in drug rehabilitation centers report being abused or neglected as a child, and are 3.8 times much(prenominal) likely to develop drug addictions. About thirty percent ofabused and neglected as children will continue the cycle with their children as well. Eighty percent of twenty-one year olds that were abused as children met at least one criteria for a psychological disorder. Also abused children are twenty-five percent more likely to experience teen pregnancy.I think child abuse is inclining locally because drugs are becoming more known in jr. generations, and their also experimenting sexually earlier, and not being safe about which leads to more teen pregnancies. Some of the reasons child abuse occurs in the first place is because of new parents and drugs/alcohol. So if the rate at which those things or more rapidly happening, and at a younger age, the child abuse rate is bound to incline. It doesnt financial aid that we are a bad drug city an d we have one of the highest count of child abuse cases in our city.One way to sponsor revert and prevent child abuse is to recognize it, look for the signs and report it. Make your children aware of sexual abuse, teach them the proper names, and tell them that if anyone tries to engage with them in a way that their private parts are involved, to tell their support person. Teach young parents how to take care of their children before they leave the hospital. Never check off children when your anger is out of control, ever leave your children unatt reverseed. Listen and believe them. If you see child abuse happening, stop it, dont let it happen.To help end abuse, first you should learn how to recognize it in the first place. Child abuse will never truly come to an end, but there are shipway to make sure it happens less. CPS needs to die investigate into cases. If youve ever read the child called it then you would know that if they go to the house and everything checks out, they believe it. I think they should go deeper into the investigation, if that means surveillance outside their house for a week then so be it. CPS also needs to better background check their own foster parents.I saw on the news a while back that CPS supervisor was abusing the kids she was fostering. CPS is alleged(a) to be a safe haven for kids to go, yet they go to further get abused. I myself was in foster care, and my parents werent the nicest. Its hard to candidly say anything about improving families considering we arent in there every day life, and we may not even know them. How we can best help families is tomake child abuse awareness more public and known, and if we come across a family that has this problem, then intervene.I couldnt find much on factors of abuse being heredity, but what I could find is that it is not heredity. What generally happens is the child grows up with the type of abuse they know, and because thats all they know, thats how they express their love to th eir child. Not all abused grow up to do the same to their children, I assume the ones most mentally scarred and got psychological problems from it, grow up to do the same.I dont think that our society is necessarily cater the abuse to anybody. I dont in truth know who would, thats a touchy subject in the first place. Although I can infer that all of the drug, drinking, partying, and sexual innuendo that is seen everywhere is what is feeding to a worse environment for our society. Drugs, alcohol, and partying is such a huge and wide topic everywhere you go in our society, because of that, its more common.Although no one can honestly end child abuse, it is something that we can make more known so that all the poor children that are dying and suffering perfunctory can also be loved and saved. Learn the signs, report anything unusual.

Terri Schiavo

Nurs 2500 Ethical, Legal and Moral aspects of Nursing School of Advanced Nursing Education The University of The West Indies Melissa Balbosa Craigwell 811005170 Biography of Terri Schiavo On the twenty-fifth February 1990, 26-year-old Terri Schiavo suffered dire brain damage when her heart stopped for five minutes. In June of 1990, Michael Schiavo, Terris husband, was appointed her plenary guardian by the courts. In September of 1993, Michael Schiavo authentic the nursing home she resides in to write a DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) order for Terri.Schiavo spent the following years in rehabilitation centers and nursing homes but never regained higher brain function. In 1998 her husband, Michael Schiavo, filed a legal petition to prep ar Schiavos feeding tube removed, asserting that his wife had told him before her medical crisis that she would not exigency to be artificially kept alive in such a situation. Terri Schiavos parents, Bob and Mary Schindler, fought this request. Florida ju dge George W. Greer ruled in 2000 that Schiavo was beyond all doubt in a persistent vegetative give in and that her husband could discontinue aliveness support.But as legal appeals in the case continued, the case became widely cognise as well-nigh religious groups and pro-life activists began to insist that Schiavo should be kept alive. Schiavos feeding tube was removed in 2003, but reinserted six days afterward when the Florida legislature passed Terris Law, which allowed the affirms governor to issue a stay in such cases. The law was later ruled invalid by the courts. At this time, at that place may also agree appeared to be a conflict of interest, as Michael had two children with a long-term girlfri residuum.In adjoin of 2005 Schiavos feeding tube was again removed, and the case became a greater public sensation when the U. S. Congress was called into special emergency session to pass a bill allowing federal courts to polish the case, with President George W. Bush tr ajectory from Texas to Washington especially to sign the bill into law. However, federal judges and the U. S. Supreme Court refused to intervene. After two weeks with bulge food and water, Schiavo died of dehydration on the 31st March 2005 at the age of 41.Some the ethical issues involved in this case include autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence, referee, religious views Roman Catholic sanctity of life, no advance directives, Terris pre incapacitation verbal comments, and conflict of interest (familial, financial and institutional). The persevering had severe brain damage. This followed a history of a sudden collapse secondary to cardiac ace which resulted in prolonged cerebral hypoxia. She was diagnosed as existence in a persistent vegetative state. Prognosis for longanimouss in this state is poor. This condition is deemed to be inveterate and irreversible.The goal of discourse is to alleviate suffering and suffering. The probability of success keisternot truly be de termined as the patient is unable to communicate. In this case reconstructive efforts were found to be unsuccessful, and a court order was issued for life support to be lasted. The patient benefits from medical care through treatment that alleviates any pain or distress. Nursing care also seeks to alleviate pain and distress through palliative care which seeks to provide comfort and prolong dignity. Harm is avoided when there are no conscious efforts to hasten or prolong death.Terri Schiavo was not mentally capable and, therefore, not legally competent. The evidence of her incapacity lay in her inability to communicate. Buchanan 2004, stated that legal competence is specific to the task at hand. It requires the mental capacities to reason and deliberate, hold appropriate values and goals, appreciate nonpareils circumstances, understand culture one is given and communicate a choice. If the patient were found to be competent, then tally to Michael Schiavo, she would be asking for treatment to be withheld and ongoing treatment to be withdrawn.A patients ability to self-govern is grounded in cognition (Fine, 2005). So, assuming she had the mental capacity to make her own ends, her autonomy would have been respected and her decision upheld by the legal system. As a part of informed consent, all in institution would have been given to the patient concerning benefits and risks specific to her circumstances. She would have voluntarily indicated her soul of treatment options available and given her consent in a written or oral form or possibly by some character reference of implied behaviour.In her incapacitated state, the appropriate surrogate should, by moral and ethical standards be her husband Michael Schiavo and indeed, he was her court appointed guardian. Butts and Rich (2008) defines a surrogate as a court appointed individual who has the authority to make decisions on behalf of the patient. The question as to whether Mr. Schiavo used appropriate standar ds in his decision qualification clear be measured against the principles for proxy decisions with incompetent patients as set out by Olick (2001).These principles in relation to Terri Schiavo say that competent patients have a overcompensate(a) to refuse life sustaining treatment, and he testified in court that prior to her collapse she verbalized that she did not wish to live like that, to be a center to anyone. Incompetent patients have the same rights they are, however, exercised differently. No right is absolute, instances in which a patients right to refuse life support is outweighed by societal interests is rare, this case was one of those rare instances.Withholding and withdrawing treatments from a terminally ill or permanently unconscious patient, does not constitute killing or assisted suicide. Terri was not diagnosed to be either terminally ill or permanently unconscious. A subjective standard of implementing the patients wishes should have been used, and it was. It is recorded that the patient succession competent clearly made her wishes known through informal conversations with several individuals, including her husband. There were no advance directives to rely on for guidance in this case.Local processes of review in the clinical setting in order to facilitate the resolution of disagreements were denied by Mr. Schiavo, therefore, recourse to the courts which should have been rare were frequent. This analysis indicates that appropriate standards for decision making were utilized. Whether they were adequately utilized can be debated. Advance directives, as discussed by Butts and Rich (2008), include the use of formal, written legal documents, which may take one of three forms a living will, a medical care directive or a durable power of attorney.None of these, however, were used to express the patients preferences. Terri had been medically assessed to be in a persistent vegetative state, with no higher brain function. In this state, it was ju dged that she would have been unable to cooperate with medical treatment. To say that she may have been unwilling would be denying her medical diagnosis, suggesting that she did have the higher brain power necessary to choose between quality and quantity of life. In summary, I do not believe that the patients right to choose was being respected to the extent possible in ethics and in law.This is reflected in the absence of compliance with several of the principles for proxy decisions. These would be the attempt to enable her to express her wishes, respecting societys interest for the continuation of life support, facilitating patient review to determine capacity and competence and finally not withholding and not withdrawing treatment from a patient who was not terminally ill or permanently unconscious. The New England Journal of Medicine (1994) discusses the prospect of return to a normal life with treatment. Therapy aimed at reversing the persistent vegetative state has not been su ccessful.There have been occasional reports of a benefit from dopamine agonists or dextroamphetamine, but the benefit has been modest at best, direct electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation, nonspecific thalamic nuclei, or dorsal columns has been attempted experimentally in patients in a vegetative state, with claims of recovered consciousness in a few instances. The quality of the recovered state was not described in detail, however, and these approaches remain experimental. Overall, there is no published evidence that coma sensory stimulation improves the clinical matter in patients in a persistent vegetative state. It continues to note that If the decision is to treat the patient aggressively, diligent medical treatment and nursing care are required to oppose and treat the complications that are likely or inevitable in states of severe brain damage. The survival of patients in a persistent vegetative state is, to some degree, related to the quality and i ntensity of the medical treatment and nursing care that they receive. Preventive care is fore intimately. Daily exercises in a range of movements slow the formation of limb contractures, which otherwise become particularly severe in patients in a persistent vegetative state.Daily skin care and frequent repositioning of the patient prevent decubitus ulcers. A tracheostomy may be required to maintain airway patency and prevent aspiration pneumonia. Bladder and bowel care is enviable for hygienic reasons. Since pulmonary and urinary tract infections are common, appropriate monitoring and, if necessary, treatment with antibiotics are required. Placement of nasogastric, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy feeding tubes is usually necessary to maintain adequate nutrition and hydration. The outcome probability at 12 months was determined in patients who remained in a vegetative state at 3 months and at 6 months. In addition, the probability of functional recovery was determined for two possible o utcomes advantageously recovery or recovery with moderate disability, and recovery with severe disability. On the basis of these probabilities, a persistent vegetative state can be judged to be permanent 12 months after a traumatic psychic trauma in adults and children recovery after this time is exceedingly rare and almost always involves a severe disability.In adults and children with nontraumatic injuries, a persistent vegetative state can be considered to be permanent after three months recovery does occur, but it is rare and at best associated with moderate or severe disability. NEJM (1994) Patients with a good recovery have the capacity to resume normal occupational and social activities, although there may be minor physical or mental deficits or symptoms. Patients with moderate disability are independent and can resume almost all activities of daily living.They are disabled to the extent that they can no all-night participate in a variety of social and work activities. Pa tients with severe disability are no longer capable of engaging in most previous personal, social, and work activities. such patients have limited communication skills and abnormal behavioral and emotional responses. They are partially or totally dependent on assistance from others in performing the activities of daily living. NEJM (1994) A bias does exist, according to Viswanathan et al. (2012), a reporting bias is the difference between reported and unreported findings.This would have made a big difference to the results obtained from any form of continuous assessments at the hospice. Based on the very minimal treatment options chosen by Michael Schiavo, reflective in a refusal to allow physiotherapy, oral hygiene or antibiotic administration, we may deduce that a continuation of life, with contractures, infections and poor dental state would be undesirable. There was a plan to discontinue life support by having her feeding tube removed. There was also a DNR order in place. The reason for both of these actions was to prevent prolongation of her death.The documentation suggests that there were plans for palliative care, as Butts and Rich (2008) points out that palliative care includes the choice to forego, withhold or to withdraw treatment, it also includes DNR orders. Palliative care does not hasten or prolong death, but provides relief from pain and suffering and maintains dignity in the dying experience. Michael Schiavo had a long-term girlfriend, with whom he had fathered two children, according to Funaro (2007). There may have existed a conflict of interest in balancing the affairs of his saucily family with the needs of his wife. He claimed that a part of him had moved, yet he still oved his wife so much that he was willing to fight to carry out her wishes. This conflict may have had an influence on his decisions. Provider issues that may have influenced treatment decisions, lie in the fact that the institution in which Terri was being cared for was one in which end-of-life management was carried out. The treatment provided by the hospice staff would only have recommended palliative care. Are there financial and economic factors? Yes. Fine (2005) tells us that Families may bankrupt themselves caring for patients in a persistent vegetative state, at which point Medicaid steps in.Medical costs are the leading factor in bankruptcy. her parents objected to her being supported by government funds. The hospice caring for Terri Schiavo provided $9. 5 million of charity care to patients in the past year. Another question of distributive justice relates to indemnity. Can a society that cannot find enough resources to insure the 44 million persons (25% of whom are children) with no government or private wellness insurance really afford to maintain patients in a persistent vegetative state at a cost of $40,000 to $100,000 each per year? The lack of health insurance costs lives.According to the Institute of Medicine, 18,000 deaths per ye ar are directly attributable to a lack of health insurance. Terri Schiavo had been a devout Roman Catholic, Lynn (2005) this religion upholds the sanctity of life. It was difficult for her parents to believe that she would not have wanted to hold on to life at all costs. They questioned whether Terri would have wanted to be starved to death. Theirs and by extension Terris prior existence was a culture of life. There are limits on confidentiality, the incompetent patient still has a right to privacy and confidentiality. This right should be upheld by the legal guardian.Treatment decisions are largely affected by the laws that govern options for patients to be able to choose to accept or refuse care, and for legal guardians to make decisions on their behalf when they are not able to. A great deal of clinical teaching and research is involved on an ongoing basis. It brings about new information and better ways of managing conditions. Yes there was a conflict of interest on the part of the institution. Lynn (2005) regulations generally prohibit a hospice from taking a patient who is not terminally ill and expected to live longer than six months to a year.But Felos was chairman of the board of directors of the hospice at the time, according to the non-profits annual reports, and was likely able to arrange for her admission. He subsequently stepped down from the post. George Felos was Michael Schiavos attorney. The committees specific findings related to this case are as follows decisions near the end of life, whether to maintain a treatment that may not be beneficial or to withdraw or withhold a life-sustaining treatment, should be effectively handled in the majority of cases by the primary treatment team.Ethics consultations are available and can be particularly valuable in cases of uncertainty or conflict. Palliative care consultations are available in cases of uncertainty or when needed to help manage complex symptoms, including physical, psychological, social , and spiritual suffering. Such suffering is often at the root of many an apparent conflict, and when the suffering is properly addressed, the conflict resolves.When these efforts fail to resolve conflict over decisions near the end of life, the rule of law suggests that the conflict be resolved in a court and not in legislative deliberations for a single patient. At the end of all of the medical, legal, and ethical argument, it is most important to remember that no matter how certain any of us may be of our analysis, decisions near the end of life should never be easy. We must remind ourselves that true wisdom comes with the acknowledgment of uncertainty and admitting that we cannot know all there is to know.This uncertainty is neither an excuse to engulf in endless moral relativism or to engage in intellectual nihilism, refusing to search for the best possible solution or the least terrible outcome for a troubling moral problem. Fine (2005). In light of the above discussions, wi th heavy emphasis on the seven principles for proxy decisions with incompetent patients, the committee has determined against the removal of the feeding tube. The rationale for this decision, lies mainly in the fact that these principles were not upheld as best as they could have been.As shown in the above discourse, a staring(a) attempt had not been made to closely follow these principles. As such, the committee recommends that the feeding tube not be removed. In conclusion, there is no traditionalistic moral obligation to provide non-beneficial treatments based upon the classic goals of medicine, which are, according to Hippocrates, the complete removal of the distress of the sick, the alleviation of the more violent diseases, and the refusal to undertake to cure cases in which disease has already won mastery, knowing that everything is not possible to medicine.There is a traditional duty to comfort suffering, nicely restated by Sir William Osler 1849-1919 To cure sometimes, t o relieve often, to comfort always. References Author unknown, 2004, Terri Schiavo Biography (Medical Patient), J R Soc Med 97(9) 415420. PMCID PMC1079581, retrieved from www. infoplease. com/biography/var/terrischiavo. html Fine, R. , 2005, From Quinlan to Schiavo medical, ethical, and legal issues in severe brain injury, retrieved from www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov Funaro, S. 007, Why didnt Michael Schiavo seek a divorce? , retrieved from www. legalzoom. com/planning-your-estate/living-wills/why-didn Lynn, D. 2005, Life and Death Tug of War-The Whole Terri Schiavo Story, retrieved from www. wnd. com/2005/03/29516/ 115k, Published 03/24/2005 at 100 AM New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, Medical Aspects of the Persistent vegetal State, N Engl J Med 1994 3301572-1579 DOI 10. 1056/NEJM199406023302206, retrieved from www. nejm. org/doi/full/10. 1056/NEJM199406023302206 Olick, R. S. 2001.Taking advance directives seriously Prospective autonomy and decisions near the end of life. Washi ngton, DC Georgetown university Press, p. 30. Viswanathan M, Ansari MT, Berkman ND, Chang S, Hartling L, McPheeters LM, Santaguida PL, Shamliyan T, Singh K, Tsertsvadze A, Treadwell JR. , 2012, Assessing the Risk of warp of Individual Studies in Systematic Reviews of Health Care Intervention, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, retrieved from effectivehealthcare. ahrq. gov/index. cfm/search-for-guides-rev 148k

High School Exit Examinations Essay

In secernate to evaluate the trailingal ability of teachchilds Standardized Tests or questions, produce been designed, which do so in an simple manner, irrespective of social background and educational experience. One such streak is the multiple-choice examination, wherein the learners cave in to make believe a selection from a number of answers for a particular question and indicate their choice on a test form. Such tests be frequently given to students who study in elementary and utility(prenominal) checks (Standardized Tests, 2006).These examinations benefitted students to a large extent, because they had to take just one set of examinations, in ordination to apply for doorway to different schools. The College Board initiated the Scholastic Aptitude Test or the SAT in 1926. The SAT is a multiple choice test that was based on the psychological tests given to US Army recruits. The SAT, by the year 1940, was being widely employed by educational institutions in the US (Standardized Tests, 2006). Standardized tests be taken by elementary school and elevated school, and under receives and graduates.The majority of these tests are controlled by the Educational examen Service or ETS and the American College Testing or ACT Program. The results of these tests help educational institutions to assess bookworm performance and to ascertain the suitability of a student for a particular undergraduate or graduate degree program (Standardized Tests, 2006). The Center on Education Policy or the CEP had made it mandatory for 50 two percent of the students studying in the public schools to take the gamey school school red examinations.However, the execution of this policy became difficult as the CEP had realized that opposition from the public towards this dogmatic steep school fade examination had been on the increase. It was also decided that students who failed to nurse a sneak away firebrand in this examination would not be awarded the high sc hool parchment. This decision to withhold high school diplomas to students who failed in the exit examination was greeted with a corking deal of resistance (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). The implementation of the exit examinations also caused a in small stages reduction in the number of graduate students.This was evident in the Afro American and Latino students, English dustup learners and students with disabilities. This reform would result in reduced incentives for students who had been striving to remain in school, a reduction in the curriculum and a disregard for higher order performance skills, because of the utilization of limited measures and irrelevant judgments regarding student learning (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). The use of exit examinations varies from order to state. Some states waste already apply them, whereas other states have not implemented them.A majority of states have put forward several options and alternatives. So utmost only eight states have implemented the mandatory exit examination as a compulsory requirement, in which the student has to obtain a pass mark, in order to obtain a high school diploma. Further, this system does not take cognizance of the excellence of performance of the students and their academic record and is only if guided by whether the students have obtained a pass mark in the exit examination or not (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005).Most of the states have implemented multiple measures of performance in order to evaluate the students capability of learning. The student requires a pass mark in the state examination, which is used as an indicator for the students ability to obtain a state diploma. Moreover, the student is also needed to obtain a pass mark in other alternatives that test the student by employ a wide range of methods so as to establish their academic learning.In these states, there is not just a single test to disq ualify students from graduation but there exist an rate of indicators to determine the knowledge of the students (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). In an important report relating to the implementation of the high school exit test in the state of Mississippi, sixty five recommendations had been proposed. Some of these are, it would be issue forthly inappropriate to require students to obtain a pass mark in an examination that contained material that had not been taught to the students.Further, the exit examination should be based on a multiple choice system, which would test thinking skills. Moreover, the exit examination would be undesirable for the students of the state of Mississippi. In addition, the national level exit examination would require a total restructuring of the curriculum of the district schools, which would create serious difficulties. Furthermore, measures that evaluate the students skills and performance should be segmented.Moreover, grea t care would have to be taken while implementing tests that evaluate the performance and skills of students (ED384990 Issues To Consider in mournful beyond a Minimal expertness High School Graduation Test, 1995). The states of Arizona, California and Utah introduced high school exit examinations, in which high school students from the year 2006 have to obtain a pass mark, in order to be awarded a high school diploma. In most of the states of the Union that perform such high school exit examinations, students are required to take it in the sophomore year.The level of these tests is of the tenth grade and students who are unable to obtain a pass mark are provided with a number of opportunities to again take this test. Sixteen of the twenty three states that have made these tests compulsory have directed the schools to provide remediation to students who fail to obtain a pass mark. Furthermore, in states that are introducing these examinations, monetary help for such remediation h as in most of the cases been provided by it (David, 21st June, 2006).In the state of radical York students have taken these high school exit tests with a very high degree of victory and have obtained a large number of diplomas. However, this has not proved to be applicable to students belonging to the minority communities. The Education Commissioner disclosed that eighty one percent of white students obtained their diplomas in due course, whereas the students of minority communities fix the obtention of pass marks in English, mathematics, global history, geography, US history and science to be a daunting task.Consequently, only forty two percent of the Hispanic students, forty five percent of African American and sixty eight percent of Asian students obtained their diplomas within the stipulated season (Hoff, 23rd of March, 2005). A prospect conducted by the National Center on Educational Outcomes has revealed the fact that fifty percent of the states of the Union have made it mandatory to obtain a pass mark in the exit test, in order to be eligible to obtain a high school diploma.However, very few states have implemented an alternative procedure for evaluating disabled students, which is of an equivalent standard in comparison to the test applied to prescribed students. This report goes on to state that the absence of tests for the disabled and regular students that are of equivalent rigor, gives rise to the slump that disabled students are not competent to undertake grade level work (Samuels, 4th of May, 2005). In the state of California, the Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger passed a law that exempts disabled students from taking and obtaining a pass mark in the high school exit test.This new law states that if a student had been permitted to fol suffering an individual education plan and if such a student had satisfied all other criteria for being awarded with a high school diploma and further if that student had received remediation for the exit test , then that student would be allowed to graduate, irrespective of having obtained a pass mark in the exit test. The objective of this law was to enable the state of California to provide better instructions for disabled students (Jacobson, 8th of Februray, 2006).In the state of Utah, even if students who do not obtain a pass mark in every portion of the high school exit test, they are awarded the high school diploma. However, such diplomas contain a statement that the student had not obtained a pass mark in the high school exit test. Several states of the Union are having second thoughts about continuing with such high school exit tests and at the same time a several students have proved to be unsuccessful in obtaining a pass mark in their graduation examinations.The law in the state of Utah has made it mandatory for high school students to obtain a pass mark in mathematics, reading and that part of the Utah Basic Skills Competency Test that comprises of tests on writing skills, in order to be awarded with a high school diploma (Olson, 25th January, 2006). In another study it was established that states of the Union, in which high school exit tests are in vogue, have a graduation rate and college entrance examination marks that are importantly lower than states that do not have such tests.In particular, students from states of the Union, that had made it mandatory to obtain a pass mark in the high school exit examination, fared worse than students from states of the Union that did not verify on such a condition, in the internationally acknowledged Scholastic Aptitude Test. Moreover, such students had a significantly lower rate of graduation (Viadero, 2nd of February, 2005). It has been opined by many people that high school exit examinations result in an increase in the number of students who discontinue their studies, before obtaining a high school diploma.The detractors of such exit examinations have very pertinently pointed out the fact that the already lo w graduation rates are being forced down to a much lower level. numerous critics have stated that it would be patently unfair to deny a student who had completed xiii years of schooling a high school diploma, merely because that student could not obtain a pass mark in the high school examination. Moreover, many persons consider such a demur of a high school diploma to be ruthlessly unjust, because such a diploma is requirement for ensuring a bright future.

Reminiscence and life review are distinctively and central features of late life – Discuss

It is often forgotten that the developmental psychologist Charlotts Buhler in Vienna had written already in the 1930s, of recollection as an inevitable part of the ageing outgrowth resulting from the individuals need to substantiate his or her animation in the face of loss of ability (1933)The way in which callback has become noteworthy in the deal of ageing is a remarkable one(a). It has altered its implication from disallow to positive-from being perceived as a sign of mental deterioration to being valued as a normal if not demand component of favored ageing- all in the time frame of less than 10 years.DEFINREM many an(prenominal) of the problems arise when researchers continue to generate hypothesis that are left untested, and in turn researchers continue to manoeuvre projects without clear theoretical foundations. Theoretical conceptions such as ego rightfulness remain vaguely be and resistant to contrary experimental findings, worse still is this inability to arriv e or at to the lowest degree agree on, an operational definition. Another problem is the fact that the current frame school limits the research entirelyi.e rarely work done on life span-longitudinal reminiscing because it has been stated that it is only in old age and universal so cultural differences havent been exploredAs Haight (1991) noted, labels suggested by various researchers, such as Molinari and Reichlin (1984-1985), Lo Gerfo (1980) and Coleman (1974), are a step in the right direction, but none have been adopted as a permanent framework (1991, p.9) Until such a framework is operational, making generalisations about the nature and inclines of the various types of reminiscence will remain difficult. On the contrary Butler states that perhaps life review and reminiscence are not amenable to exacting and precise definitions.UNRUH (89) levels of reminiscing A p. 148REMINISCNCE According to Webster & Haight reminiscence is highly spontaneous with little structure. It can con tain the subdivision of evaluation, but it is not an integral part of reminiscing. The presence or absence of evaluation in reminiscence is probably to a greater extent dependant on individual individual(prenominal)ity traits than on any thing provided by modality. Reminiscing is rated low on compness, since simple reminiscence involves the recall of relatively independent, isolated episodes from our past. There is no necessary logic, sequence, or theme. There is also no systematic exploration of developmental blocks of time, or attempts to place the recalled depot within a broader psychosocial context.LIFE REVIEWLife review differs from simple reminiscence on many of these dimensions. The spontaneity of the life review is lower than of simple reminiscence because more specific triggers are inevitable to elicit it. Many authours suggest that the life review is triggered by external life events, generally but not exclusively of a crisis or transitional nature. Stress or devel opmental milestones may impel a reassessment of past accomplishments, values and goals. The life review is also more structured and comprehensive than simple reminiscence. Life review tends to have sequential recounting from puerility experiences to the present or an identification and systematic elaboration of developmental concerns.There is a grater effort to evaluate the recalled memories in order to realize meaning and purpose. This may entail working through painful emotional episodes as well as positive, self-enhancing memories. Evaluation involves renegotiating previous sources of anger, shame, embarrassment, guilt and other assorted negative emotions can be reconstrued in more positive terms. Webster and Young (1988) have suggested that a comprehensive life review entails the recall, evaluation, and synthesis of positive and negative memories. Recall, or simple reminiscence, is therefore only one part of the life review process.E.ERICKSONAccording to Erickson (1959, 1963, 1982), one of the most important functions of reminiscing is to help the individual achieve ego integrity. This is the cumulative product of having successfully contumacious the earlier stages of development. It is reaping of the benefits of the life richly spent, not only in the storehouse of memories, but in the function of problems worked through, plans executed, mediation undertaken, suffering survived (Ulanov, 1981, p. 113). The attainment of ego integrity is a lifelong process, according to Erickson. It depends on successful management of developmental conflicts, acceptance of ones life cycle without regrets, and harmonization of different stages of life without fear of death. The trademark of ego integrity is wisdom.Butlers 1975 view of ego integrity is less ambitious, he believes that populate take pluck in feeling of having done their best, of having met challenge and difficulty and sometimes from simply having survived terrible odds, and it is this quality of repose and wisdom which is derived from resolving personal conflicts.Butler suggests that the life review is the primary mechanism whereby ego integrity is achieved.Erickson (1963) believed that triumph is a major source of satisfaction and proposed that the desire to achieve autonomy begins in early childhood. The subsequent developmental tasks to achieve initiative, competence and generativity are all related to the need for mastery. Both Adler (1927/1957, 1958) and Fromm (1947) postulated that people possess an innate drive to overcome bewilderedness experienced in childhood through mastery over their environment. The task of maintaining a sense of agency and mastery becomes increasingly difficult in after years. Regardless of how we glorify the golden age, sooner or later the harsh realities of ageing descend on all of us.Unless we die prematurely, we all suffer the relentless ageing process. Old age can be a breeding ground for feelings of insufficientity because of diminished cop ing resources and the chronicity of age related problems. We feel helpless when there is no cure to health problems and when our memories are failing us. We are made to feel inferior when we have to ask others to do this we used to do well. These memories may be compounded by memories of childhood situations associations with feelings of inferiority. It has been suggested that the active mastery of middle age changes into more positive mode, or even a conjuring mode of mastery in old age (neugarten & Gutmann, 1958). In their desire for greater mastery, the elderlys perception of personal control may become highly inflated sometimes their perceived control may be based on wishful thinking and fantasy. P. 33Forty years have passed since Butler starting time suggested the important role of reminiscing in later life. His research has retained the attention of researchers from a range of disciplines, however subsequent studies have been at time inconclusive, contradictory and unclear a bout the nature and function of reminiscing. The bulk of researchers have focused their studies exclusively on older individuals, which infers that reminiscence is unique to the later stages of life. Mirriam 1993 notes that the assumptions about the catholicity of reminiscence amongst older adults may be false or stereotypical, since age may not be the most significant factor in reminiscence behaviour.LIFE REVIEW Definitions of reminiscence are unusually diverse. Butler described the life review as a naturally occurring, universal mental process characterised by the progressive return to consciousness of past experiences, and particularly the resurgence of unresolved conflicts (1963, p.66) He argued that the life review is conceived as a possible response to the biological fact of deathWhat is clear about reminiscing is that it is a selective process in which memories are evoked and reconstructed, probably with varying degrees of intensity and emotional involvement. UNRUH 1989 orde rs or levels of the pastThe idea that there may be different levels to the reminiscing process may alleviate the disarray of contradictory findings in studies.